Study in Malaysia: Know Top Universities, Courses and Admission Cycle

Study in Malaysia: Know Top Universities, Courses and Admission Cycle

Edited By M Anusha | Updated on Oct 09, 2023 09:32 AM IST

Study in Malaysia - One of the primary reasons for Malaysia’s growing popularity among international aspirants is its affordable cost of education and high-quality tertiary educational standards. To cite an example, candidates can acquire a UK engineering degree (three years) in Malaysia at an estimated cost of RM 68,000 (US$17,000), while the tuition fee of the same three-year degree programme at the host university in the UK will tentatively cost around £36,000 (or RM217,000 or US$ 54,250). The average living cost in Malaysia is up to RM54,000 for three years. According to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), Malaysia has captured a two per cent market share of international students in the fast-growing education domain.

This Story also Contains
  1. Malaysia Country introduction
  2. Top 20 Universities to Study in Malaysia 2024
  3. Admission Cycle to Study in Malaysia
  4. Timeline of Admission Cycle
  5. Eligibility Criteria to Study in Malaysia
  6. Fee Specifications for University in Malaysia
  7. Scholarships to Study at University in Malaysia
  8. Malaysia Admission and Visa Cycle
  9. Study in Malaysia: Key facts of student visa
  10. Why Study in Malaysia?
Study in Malaysia: Know Top Universities, Courses and Admission Cycle
Study in Malaysia: Know Top Universities, Courses and Admission Cycle

The country has established some of the top colleges and universities like the Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), and the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, which rank among the top 500 universities in the world (QS World University Ranking). According to recent statistics, Malaysia currently accommodates more than 100,000 international students from more than 100 countries across the globe. The icing on the cake is that Malaysia has been known to be a travellers’ paradise for decades. Kuala Lumpur is one of the best cities to study in Malaysia for International students. Life in Malaysia can be a constant adventure where classroom lectures amalgamate with practical experience/application.

Malaysia Country introduction

With immense popularity as one of the finest holiday destinations for tourists, Malaysia’s consistent track record in the field of education justifies its fast emergence as a sought-after study destination. The study in Malaysia for Indian students may feel at home since India falls under the three largest ethnic groups in Malaysia, namely the Malays, Chinese and Indians. Malaysia is multi-cultural, with people from different religions, customs, and practices.

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International students who study in Malaysia do not face any security issues and enjoy a comfortable living environment with modern amenities, good healthcare and medical facilities, excellent educational institutions, and world-class recreational and sports facilities. Malaysia offers international students many options of quality education programmes at a much more affordable cost. If an aspirant wants to explore a life away from his/her native country, Malaysia is the most viable place to opt for!

Top 20 Universities to Study in Malaysia 2024

According to the Institute of International Education (IIE), Malaysia is home to over 100,000 international students. The average ratio of international to domestic students studying in Malaysia is 1:10, thus competing with major study abroad destinations like Australia and Japan. Interesting news is that the Malaysian government has plans to attract more than 250,000 students by 2025 and has a variety of educational schemes in place for aspirants planning to study in Malaysia. University Malaya is the top university in Malaysia according to QS World Rankings 2024. Asian countries including Bangladesh, India and China among others dominate in terms of the number of students; they mostly pursue full-time and online degree courses in Malaysia. Computing is one of the best course to study in Malaysia and few other courses like Computer science, IT, Block chain are also prefffered most international students.

Top 20 Universities to study in Malaysia - QS Rankings

Name of university in Malaysia

QS ranking 2024

Universiti Malaya (UM)

65

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

137

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

158

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

159

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

188

Taylor's University

284

UCSI University

300

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP)

307

Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM)

538

Universiti Teknologi MARA - UiTM

555

INTI International University

556

Admission Cycle to Study in Malaysia

For candidates aspiring to study in Malaysia, the initial step is to start research on universities. The following steps include an understanding of the admission cycle in Malaysia, the application process and deadlines, mode of payment, visa requirements etc. In this article, Careers brings information related to the admission cycle of Malaysia including the application deadlines of some of the universities. It is crucial to be well-versed the Malaysia admission cycle as it helps international students to keep themselves updated with the application deadlines and processes. In Malaysia, the academic session for both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes start in February.

Malaysia Admission Cycle: Timeline for February Intake

May- June (previous year)

Research on university options

July

Register for the standardised test and appear for the test (TOEFL/IELTS/PTE Academic/GMAT/GRE/SAT)

August

Prepare the application package and obtain your test scores.

September

Begin application procedure

October

Applications close

November

Colleges start replying to received applications

December

Prepare your finances, explore scholarships avenues and apply for education loans, if required

December- January

Apply for the Student Visa

February

Departure preparations/Logistical arrangements

February end

Session begins

Timeline of Admission Cycle

Candidates considering studying abroad in Malaysia are strongly recommended to start the application procedure 8-12 months prior to the respective intake schedules.

Intakes in Public Universities - September.

Intakes in Private Universities - February, July, September.

Malaysia admission cycle 2023-24

Name of University in Malaysia

Level of study

Application deadline

University of Malaya

UG

February 2023-24 Intake- Two months prior to date of intake

October 2023-24 Intake- Two months prior to date of intake

PG

February 2023-24 Intake- Two months prior to date of intake

October 2023-24 Intake- Two months prior to date of intake

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

UG

February Intake- August to November

September Intake- March to June

PG

February Intake- September to November

September Intake- May to June

Universiti Putra Malaysia

UG

October Intake – March 15 to July 31, 2024

March Intake- October 15 to December 10, 2024

PG

NA

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

UG

March Intake 2024 - October 2024

October 2024 Intake - July, 10, 2023

PG

March Intake 2024 - October 2024

October 2024 Intake - July, 10, 2023

*Source- University’s official website

Please note that- The Malaysia admission deadline dates for most of the universities are scheduled in October of the previous year for February intake and May-June of the same year for the September intake university in Malaysia. If an aspirant plans to get into a top university in Malaysia, he/she should complete the application process within the mentioned time-frame. However, the deadline may vary depending on the university and its programmes/courses. Therefore, it is advisable to consult with the department concerned before applying to any particular university.

Eligibility Criteria to Study in Malaysia

The eligibility criteria for the undergraduate and postgraduate programmes differ in terms of educational qualification, countries where aspirants hail from, universities applying to.

Eligibility criteria For Renowned university in Malaysia for both UG and PG courses

Name of University in Malaysia

Undergraduate Eligibility Criteria

Postgraduate Eligibility Criteria

Universiti Malaya (UM)

  • IELTS- A band of 5.0 and above

  • TOEFL- 500 (PBT), 173 (CBT) or 60 (IBT) and above

  • National Higher School Certificate (or an Advanced Level equivalent) with the grade 80 percent and above

OR

  • A Diploma from recognised institutions with at least a CGPA of 3.00.


  • Applicants must obtain a Bachelor’s degree from a recognised university with an overall CGPA of at least 3.00.

  • IELTS- 5.5/6 Band

  • TOEFL iBT- 80,

  • TOEFL CBT- 213,

  • PBT- 550.



Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

  • IELTS - Minimum overall score of 5.5

  • TOEFL- Minimum overall score of 500

  • National Higher School Certificate holder (or an Advanced Level or the

equivalent of 12 years of basic education) with the grade 80 percent and above.

OR

  • A Diploma from recognised Institutions with at least a CGPA of 3.00.

  • IELTS- 5.5/6 Band

  • TOEFL iBT- 80,

  • TOEFL CBT- 213,

  • TOEFL PBT- 550.

  • Applicants must obtain a Bachelor’s degree from a recognised university with an overall CGPA of at least 3.00.



Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

  • IELTS (Academic)- An overall band score of 5.5 Band

  • TOEFL iBT- >59, PBT- 500.

  • Higher Secondary Course Certificate / Higher Secondary School Certificate

  • Higher Secondary Examination (Class XII) Certificate, Government of Kerala, Board of

Higher Secondary Examination

  • All Indian Senior School Certificate

  • IELTS ≥ Band 6.0

  • TOEFL PBT ≥ 550

  • TOEFL (IBT) ≥ 79

  • Applicants must obtain a Bachelor’s degree from a recognised university with an overall CGPA of at least 3.00 or higher/75 percent.

  • Some scores require work experience as well.

Fee Specifications for University in Malaysia

There are two classifications of the fee, namely Academic Fees and Non-Academic Fees. The details of each are mentioned below.

University in Malaysia - Fee Details

  • Academic Fees - The academic fee includes all the elements like registration fee, Tuition fee, deposit, laboratory fee, library fee and other incidental costs such as examination fees
  • Non-Academic Fees - The non-academic fee includes all the elements like student visa fees, Medical check-up, health and hospitalisation insurance premium

Generally in Malaysia, the cost of studying bachelor's in any private institution ranges around $5000 to $14000 per year. Public universities in Malaysia charge low fee than private institutes. Similarly for studying masters ranges around $6000 to $17,000/- per year. The tuition fees in Malaysian universities are much lower than many universities across the globe with many charging just about USD 5,000 for engineering programmes against over USD40,000 in the USA for similar courses. Along with the University fees the student also needs to consider the living expenses to constitute the overall study budget in Malaysia.

How to Apply to Universities in Malaysia

Choose your university or universities: As the country has over 100 world-renowned institutes with a wide range of courses ranked among the top 100 in the world, it is essential to choose your dream university carefully and make sure it's completely cost-effective for you. , location, course, etc.

Complete your application: Most Malaysian universities have their respective application processes and deadlines. The main intakes are in February, July and October. Students are encouraged to apply at least 7-8 months before the deadline.

Apply for a Malaysian student visa: After receiving your admission offer, apply for a Malaysian visa at the nearest embassy and pay the application fee of MYR 1,060. The entire process can take 3-4 weeks or more depending on the individual application.

Provide proof of funds: The applicant must present proof of finance with a minimum of MYR 70,445 per year to obtain a successful visa.

Prepare for your departure: Once you've received your visa, plan your departure by researching accommodation alternatives in the country and get ready to fly.

Application Process

To apply to the universities to study in Malaysia, the students can directly apply at the university's official website online

The list of documents required for application are -

Living Expenses During Study in Malaysia

Malaysia is one of the affordable destinations to pursue higher education and make a living, especially, if compared with countries like the USA and Australia. The next big expense pertaining to accommodation also comes as a relief to candidates as the housing costs are just around $110 to $400 in Malaysia. For maintenance, international students could require around $100 including food, transportation, and other daily expenses. The transport is very cheaper around monthly bus & train passes ranging from $20 to $50, etc. Candidates can consider all these expenses in the living costs.

Scholarships to Study at University in Malaysia

Scholarships, assistantships, and fellowships are usually available for postgraduate students aspiring to study in Malaysia, depending either on availability within the institution and academic record of applicants. Moreover, a number of scholarships are available from other institutions and organisations, such as the Malaysian government itself. However, candidates should know scholarship deadlines vary amongst institutions. Some of the scholarships offered by some of the famed universities are as the following-

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) :

  • IGSS (International Graduate Student Scholarship)

  • Malaysian International Scholarship (MIS) - For New International Students

  • Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Sime Darby (YSD) Collaborative Scholarship Programme

  • GRA (Graduate Research Assistantship)

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) :

  • Malaysian International Scholarship (MIS)

  • Islamic Development Bank (IDB)

  • Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan (CSFP)

  • Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP)

Malaysia Admission and Visa Cycle

Once the prospective student gets confirmation from the university on his/her admission, the next major step is to obtain the visa. The students must apply for the Malaysian visa at least three months prior to the commencement of the academic session. International students need a ‘student pass’ similar to student visa as it is a key element to consider after applying for the chosen course. If a student is studying in Malaysia for more than a year i.e., two semesters, then he/she will have to renew the student pass as it is valid for one year only. Once students accept their study offer in Malaysia, they need to apply for the ‘Student Pass’. After which students will receive an approval letter which they will need to produce to the immigration officials at the Malaysian airport.

The Malaysian Student Visa does not have any multiple categories. All international students, whether they have an offer from Private or government institution have to apply for the Malaysian Student Pass. Foreign students can apply for the Malaysian Student Pass through the Department of Immigration Malaysia.

Study in Malaysia: Key facts of student visa

Malaysian government provides ‘Student Pass’ to international students who aspire to pursue their studies in the country. In most cases, the Malaysian student visa is facilitated by the university that the student has been admitted to. Foreign students can apply at the Department of Immigration Malaysia as well. It tentatively takes around seven to eight weeks for processing, if all documents of student visa are submitted by the candidate. For international students who study in Malaysia, Student Passes are valid for a period of 12 months. The application process for the renewal of visas has to be initiated six weeks before the expiry of the student visa. Another key element for visa processing is candidate photo. Two recent photographs should be submitted. (One loose and one affixed on the application form). Photograph specification: 3.5cm X 5cm 60 percent-70 percent face appearance in white background. Photographs should clearly show from crown to shoulders. Following are the specifications for Malaysian visa required for study in Malaysia.

Visa specifications

Title

Malaysian Student Pass

Applicable

Foreign students in government as well as private education institutions

Cost of application

INR 1000/-

Additional cost

Not Applicable

Currency

RM (Malaysian ringgit)

Validity

The Student Pass lasts for up to one year – or the length of one’s study period if that’s less than a year. Students need to renew it annually if they’re studying for more than two semesters.

Passport validity

Passport should be valid for at least six months upon arrival in Malaysia.

Part-time job

Allowed for 20 hours.

Note- International student aspiring to pursue higher studies in Malaysia must apply for the Visa With Reference (VDR), meant for students, and NOT Visa Without Reference (VTR). Malaysian Student Visa without reference is only for the purpose of social visit.

Depending on the course and type of school aspirants are applying to, they have the following types of application categories-

  • A foreigner in Government Schools;

  • A foreigner in Private Schools;

  • A foreigner in public higher education institutions;

  • A foreigner in private higher education institutions;

  • A foreigner in language centres

  • A foreigner in training centres under Department of Skill Development;

  • A holder of Dependant Pass (Expatriate).

  • Dependents of students can also accompany them on the Malaysian Student Pass. However, only Postgraduate and PhD students can avail this opportunity.

Explore others study destinations:

Best course to Study in Malaysia

Here are few top courses to study in Malaysia

  • Engineering
  • Medicine
  • Business Management
  • Accounting
  • Arts
  • Media communication

Job Opportunities After Study in Malaysia

International students can start applying for jobs in Malaysia during their final year of study. The student visa will be expired after the completion of the degree or course. Candidates need to apply for a work permit for working in Malaysia. The following are a few of the available list of job opportunities in Malaysia.

  • IT Engineer
  • Civil/Mechanical/ Electrical Engineers
  • Banking managers and staff
  • Digital marketers/Brand managers
  • Hospitality staff
  • Travel Agency workers
  • Nursing/Hospital staff

Why Study in Malaysia?

The following are the reasons which explain why many international students are excited to study in Malaysia-

  • Presence of international students - More than 120,000 international students from over 130 countries study in Malaysia.
  • Better quality of education - According to the QS World University Rankings, several Malaysian universities and courses are ranked in the top 500 because they provide world-class education to their students.
  • Presence of foreign universities - Students can now obtain a British, American or Australian degree in Malaysia, as many foreign universities have branch campuses in the country.
  • Education is affordable - The cost of studying in Malaysia is relatively lower than studying in any other country abroad, and also a wide variety of scholarships to study in the country. An average university degree in the country will cost students around MYR 39,990.
  • Safe country for international students - According to recent data provided by the Global Peace Index, Malaysia ranks 29th in the list of the most peaceful countries in the world.
  • Career opportunities - The country offers many post-study work opportunities for students and is expected to create thousands of new jobs in the coming years.
  • Multicultural environment - Malaysia's global community allows for cultural, religious and social acceptance of all ethnic groups and believes in harmony.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is there any age bar to apply for student visa?

No, there is no age bar for applying for a Malaysian Student Pass. One can apply for a Student Pass only after being admitted to a programme at a Malaysian university.

In fact, there is no age bar for applying to the university programmes either. Students aspiring for Bachelors should have passed their senior secondary and those vying for postgraduate programmes should have obtained undergraduate degrees.

2. Do I have to appear for an interview?

No. Unlike some countries, international students are not required to appear for an interview for the Malaysian student visa. Students have to submit their documents along with the application form and the immigration department responds to the application within a week’s time. Most of the visa work is done through the universities

3. What are the documents required to apply for Visa for education abroad? (Please cover answer to "What funds do I have to show the immigration authority?)

Here are the documents that applicants have to submit:

a. Two photocopies of a valid passport.

b. Two passport size photographs with white background.

c. Original copy of Offer letter from University

d. Pre-arrival medical examination reported

e. Academic certificates

4. What happens when my Student Visa expires? (Please cover answer to "What happens when my Student Visa expires and I want to pursue an additional programme?")

Malaysian Student Passes are valid for just one year. After that students have to renew the Passes. Students can apply for renewal with their universities themselves. Education Malaysia Global Services requires students to submit their renewal applications within six weeks from the student pass expiry date. The Students do not have to go through medical screening for renewal of their visas.

5. Does my student visa allow me to work?

Yes, international students in Malaysia are allowed to work while pursuing their studies in the country. However, the country has some rules for foreign students who want to explore work opportunities. Here are some points:

  • International students are only allowed to work part-time

  • International students are permitted to work during their semester breaks, holidays and if they have more than seven holidays.

  • Foreign students can work 20 hours per week. International students can choose to work in restaurants, petrol pumps, mini markets and hotels. Malaysia does not allow foreign students to take up jobs as singers, cashiers, masseurs, musicians and guest relation officers among others.

6. Is studying in Malaysia anything worth?

Yes, Malaysia offers high-quality education at the most affordable price. The degree here can be obtained from so many affiliated and recognized universities in Australia, USA, etc. 

Articles

Questions related to

Get answers from students and experts

Correct Answer: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan


Solution : The correct answer is Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan.

The four Asian Tigers or The four Asian Dragons are the four developed East Asian Economies. They are Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan. They are characterised by highly free market and developed economies in the Asian Region. They witnessed rapid industrialisation and they grew more than 70% between 1960-1970. 

Correct Answer: JXIXVPFX


Solution : Given:
INDIA : FKAFX :: ESTONIA : BPQLKFX:: MALAYSIA :?

Subtract 3 from the positional value of INDIA, to obtain the required code –
I – 3 = F; N – 3 = K; D – 3 = A; I – 3 = F; A – 3 = X
Thus, INDIA is coded as FKAFX.
And in, ESTONIA : BPQLKFX –
E – 3 = B; S – 3 = P; T – 3 = Q; O – 3 = L; N  – 3 = K; I  – 3 = F; A  – 3 = X
Thus, ESTONIA is coded as BPQLKFX.
Similarly, follow the same pattern for MALAYSIA :? –
M – 3 = J; A – 3 = X; L – 3 = I; A – 3 = X; Y – 3 = V; S – 3 = P; I – 3 = F; A – 3 = X

Thus, MALAYSIA is coded as JXIXVPFX. Hence, the fourth option is correct.

Question : Comprehension:

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.

Notwithstanding logistical challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, India continues to expand its rice export footprint in the African, Asian, and European Union markets, thus having the largest share in the global rice trade. The robust global demand also helped India’s growth in rice exports.

In 2020-21, India’s rice exports (Basmati and Non-Basmati) rose by a huge 87 per cent to 17.72 Million tonnes (MT) from 9.49 MT achieved in 2019-20.

In terms of value realisation, India’s rice exports rose by 38 per cent to USD 8815 million in 2020-21 from USD 6397 million reported in 2019-20. In terms of Rupees, India’s rice export grew by 44 per cent to Rs 65298 crore in 2020-21 from Rs 45379 crore in the previous year. In the first seven months of the current financial year (2021-22), India’s rice exports rose by more than 33 per cent to 11.79 MT from 8.91 MT achieved during April-October, 2020-21. It is anticipated that India’s rice exports in 2021-22 will likely surpass the record feet of 17.72 MT achieved in 2020-21.

In 2020-21, India shipped non-basmati rice to nine countries - Timor-Leste, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Zimbabwe, Burundi, Eswatini, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, where exports were carried out for the first time or earlier the shipment was smaller in volume.

India’s Non-Basmati rice exports were valued at USD 4796 million (Rs 35448 crore) in 2020-21, with Basmati Rice exports a close second at USD 4018 million (Rs 29,849 crore).In terms of volume of Basmati rice exports in 2020-21, the top ten countries – Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Kuwait, United Kingdom, Qatar, and Oman have a share of close to 80 per cent in total shipments of aromatic long-grained rice from India.

Top ten countries – Nepal, Benin, Bangladesh, Senegal, Togo, Cote D Ivoire, Guinea, Malaysia, Iraq, United Arab Emirates – have a share of 57 per cent in India’s total exports of non-Basmati rice in 2020-21 in terms of volume.

Which of the following countries imported rice from India for the first time?

Option 1: Iraq

Option 2: Bangladesh

Option 3: Brazil

Option 4: United Arab Emirates

Correct Answer: Brazil


Solution : The correct choice is the third option.

As stated in the paragraph, in 2020–21, India started to export non-basmati rice to nine countries, among which Brazil is among the options, making it the appropriate choice.

Question : Comprehension:

Read the following passage and answer the questions given after it.

Notwithstanding logistical challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, India continues to expand its rice export footprint in the African, Asian, and European Union markets, thus having the largest share in the global rice trade. The robust global demand also helped India’s growth in rice exports.

In 2020-21, India’s rice exports (Basmati and Non-Basmati) rose by a huge 87 per cent to 17.72 Million tonnes (MT) from 9.49 MT achieved in 2019-20.

In terms of value realisation, India’s rice exports rose by 38 per cent to USD 8815 million in 2020-21 from USD 6397 million reported in 2019-20. In terms of Rupees, India’s rice export grew by 44 per cent to Rs 65298 crore in 2020-21 from Rs 45379 crore in the previous year. In the first seven months of the current financial year (2021-22), India’s rice exports rose by more than 33 per cent to 11.79 MT from 8.91 MT achieved during April-October, 2020-21. It is anticipated that India’s rice exports in 2021-22 will likely surpass the record feet of 17.72 MT achieved in 2020-21.

In 2020-21, India shipped non-basmati rice to nine countries - Timor-Leste, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Zimbabwe, Burundi, Eswatini, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, where exports were carried out for the first time or earlier the shipment was smaller in volume.

India’s Non-Basmati rice exports were valued at USD 4796 million (Rs 35448 crore) in 2020-21, with Basmati Rice exports a close second at USD 4018 million (Rs 29,849 crore).In terms of volume of Basmati rice exports in 2020-21, the top ten countries – Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Kuwait, United Kingdom, Qatar, and Oman have a share of close to 80 per cent in total shipments of aromatic long-grained rice from India.

Top ten countries – Nepal, Benin, Bangladesh, Senegal, Togo, Cote D Ivoire, Guinea, Malaysia, Iraq, United Arab Emirates – have a share of 57 per cent in India’s total exports of non-Basmati rice in 2020-21 in terms of volume.

Which of the following countries imports Basmati rice from India?

Option 1: Malaysia

Option 2: Nepal

Option 3: Bangladesh

Option 4: Kuwait

Correct Answer: Kuwait


Solution : The correct choice is the fourth option.

The penultimate passage of the paragraph lists the top ten countries that export basmati rice from India, in which only Kuwait is present among the given options, making it the correct choice for the asked question.

Correct Answer: Afghanistan, Pakistan anf Iran


Solution : The correct option is Afghanistan, Pakistan anf Iran.

Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan are the nations known as 'The Golden Crescent' in the context of the world's largest opium business. These nations are notable for extensive opium poppy cultivation and the manufacture of illegal drugs, mainly heroin. The name is sometimes used to draw similarities with 'The Golden Triangle,' which encompasses Southeast Asian countries with similar drug-related problems.
 

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